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-[Mooshu meows]
-[fanfare playing]

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[chirping]

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♪ How, what, where, why? ♪

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♪ What, where, why?
How, what, where, why? ♪

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♪ What, where, why?
Ada Twist, scientist ♪

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♪ She's gonna find out
What the answer is ♪

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♪ Under here, over there ♪

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♪ Science is everywhere you look ♪

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♪ I'm Iggy Peck, architect ♪

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♪ And I'm Rosie Revere, engineer ♪

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♪ Technology, that's me, Benny B. ♪

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♪ A mystery, a riddle
A puzzle, or a quest ♪

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♪ There are wonders to discover
And hypotheses to test ♪

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♪ Science is the best
Ada Twist, scientist ♪

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♪ I'm gonna find out what the answer is ♪

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♪ Everywhere science is
She's forming a hypothesis ♪

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♪ Connecting polka dots
'Cause this is scientist, Ada Twist ♪

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[Ada speaking]

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Hmm. [gasps] I have an idea.

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Let's meet some of my favorite scientists.
Come on. [giggles]

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Hi, I'm Keji Sojobi,
and I'm an aerospace engineer,

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and today I'll show you
a few prototypes I made

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of a cool thing called the Tesla coil.

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Come on, let's go!

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A Tesla coil is a way
to transmit electricity wirelessly,

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and a prototype is
the first example of a thing.

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You never know what you'll use
when you're building a prototype.

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This came from
a roll of paper towels that I finished.

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I decided to use it
to help me mold the right shape

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for my coil of thicker wire.

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A prototype doesn't
have to be perfect or beautiful,

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it doesn't even have to work,

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it just needs to get you a step closer
to the thing you're trying to make.

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I was trying to make a mini Tesla coil.

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This battery is
providing power to these coils

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that'll provide an electricity

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that will wirelessly
make this lightbulb work.

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Switch it on.

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[drumroll playing]

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Look at that.

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We have electricity! [laughs]

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And this is the original one right here.

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You could call this
the prototype of prototype.

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See, if we turn it on…

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nothing happens, it doesn't work.

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There were some accidents.

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A little bit of burnt tape…

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But it's all part of the process!

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Fun fact!

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One of the first prototypes
for the modern car

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was a cart pulled by a mechanical horse.

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[upbeat music playing]

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Hi, my name is Maynard Okereke,
also known as the Hip Hop M.D.

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I'm a science communicator.
We'll talk about static electricity.

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Static electricity is
a transferring of charged particles

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from one object to another.

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I'll show you some simple experiments
that describe static electricity,

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the first one with balloons.

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I'll rub this balloon on my head
and see if I can transfer some particles

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from this object to the other.

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We are transferring electrons
from my head to the balloon,

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giving the balloon a net negative charge.

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Our glitter has a positive charge.

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Since the goal
of everything in nature is balance,

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the positively charged
particles in the glitter

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now attract to
the negatively charged particles

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in the balloon,
and that is static electricity.

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For this next experiment,
all you need is salt and pepper, a plate,

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a plastic spoon and a cloth.

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First, we'll pour
our salt and pepper onto our plate.

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We rub our cloth onto our plastic spoon.

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This rubbing action is
transferring the electrons

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from the cloth to the plastic spoon,

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giving the spoon a negative charge.

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Since opposites attract,

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and we have our
positively charged salt and pepper,

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and our negatively charged spoon,

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look what happens.

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Let's take a closer look.

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How cool is that?

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Fun fact!

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The most common example
of static electricity in nature

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is lightning.

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Thunderstorms create a movement
of negative and positive charges.

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That energy transfer is
what we see as lightning.

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[dinosaur growls]

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Hi, I'm Gabriel Santos.
I'm a paleontologist,

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and today we'll learn about fossils.

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This is the collection room,
and we have lots of fossils.

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And yeah, these are
real-life dinosaur bones.

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So, what we're looking at here are
the tailbone of a baby Hadrosaurid.

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You can see the individual bones
that make up the tail,

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and these are about 75 million years old.

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When you're walking through museum halls

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and you see beautiful,
complete skeletons of dinosaurs,

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it can take a long time
before they're put together.

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When paleontologists are
putting together a skeleton,

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sometimes it's as easy as
putting fossils on a floor or table,

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and finding out where the fossils fit,

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but sometimes fossils
can be pretty delicate.

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Sometimes we only have a few of the bones.

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Sometimes bones are broken,
so that is where it comes to research

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to try to figure out what they are.

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So, we have to find
where the pieces fit in our head.

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We build a plan. We make a drawing,

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before we ever put together
the actual specimen.

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Fun fact. [chuckles]

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Not all dinosaurs are actually extinct.

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Birds are a kind of theropod dinosaur
like T-Rex and Velociraptor.

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When the dinosaurs went extinct,

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the birds were able
to survive that extinction,

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and so, penguins are a kind of dinosaur.

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[rhythmic music playing]

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Hi. I'm Jasmine Carter
and I'm a neuroscientist,

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which means I study the brain.

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And today we'll talk about placebos.

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So, a placebo is a fake treatment.

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Placebos are really important

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in science and medicine
because they allow for us

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to actually determine
when real treatments work.

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So, this is our placebo
and this is our treatment,

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and you can see they look the same
when starting this experiment.

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Here are our cells,
and we'll use these cells

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to test whether or not
our treatment is going to work.

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If it works,
it will turn the cells bright green.

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So, first, what I'm going to do is

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I'm going to add the placebo to our cells.

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Now, I'm going to add
the treatment to these other cells.

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Let's look at it under the microscope
so we can see if the treatment will work.

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So remember, our treatment, if it works,

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-is going to turn the cells green.
-[drumroll playing]

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And it did.

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That means it worked.

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We also have our placebo group.

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[drumroll playing]

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They're not green.

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That means our fake treatment
didn't have an effect here.

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And so that means
if you took this treatment,

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it might actually help you feel better.

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Fun fact!

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A placebo effect happens
when you actually start to feel better

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after having a placebo
or the "fake treatment,"

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and that's because your brain
might think it's real medicine.

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Hello. I'm Shane Campbell Staton.
And I'm an evolutionary biologist.

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Today we are going to catch
and learn about some lizards.

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I think there's one right over here.

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Lizards, they are pretty fast.

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But I'm faster.

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[whispering] Sutcha… Sutcha…

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Oh!

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Oh, my God.

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He's gone.

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God, they're so fast.

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So, as a part of my research,
I go out and I catch lizards.

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But we make sure we put 'em
back where we got 'em,

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and that they're safe and sound.

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For you at home, I'd say
the best way to enjoy those lizards

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is just observe them and see what they do.

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Oh, my goodness.

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So, this is a side-blotched lizard.

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Look at the little armpit.

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You can see
the little side-blotch right there. Boop.

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Lizards are cold-blooded,

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which means that a lizard's
internal body temperature is determined

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by how much sun it's been able to soak up.

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So, now because it's so early in the day,

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a lot of lizards will
be out in the sunlight,

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trying to warm their bodies up,

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to reach the perfect temperature
that'll allow them to do what they do.

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One of the things
that's cool about lizards is

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when they lose their tails,
they can actually regrow them like this.

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It's their superpower.

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So, we're gonna
put this guy back where we got him.

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Thank you, buddy.

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There you go.

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Fun fact!

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So, there is a group of lizards called
horned lizards that live in the desert

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that, self-defense,

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literally shoot blood
out of their eyeballs like a water gun

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at any potential predators
that might wanna eat them.

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[imitating shooting sounds]

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It's great. It's gross. It's-- It's gross.
But I see why it's effective.

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[Whitney] Hi, I'm Whitney Tsai,
and I'm an ornithologist.

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Today we're talking about how birds fly.

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This kite could use a little help.

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So, birds' bodies are made for flight.

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From the shape of their bodies
to the shape of their wings,

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birds are aerodynamic,
meaning the shape of their body and wings

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allows air to flow around them easily.

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This is a wing of a nightjar.

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They are really acrobatic fliers.

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And so, the shape of their wings is
kind of skinny and bent here.

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And it allows them
to be really agile in the sky.

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This is a wing of a tern.

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They have this long, skinny wing shape

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that helps them to glide
at high speeds over the ocean.

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So, you see this giant wing,

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this is a condor wing

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and their wingspan gets
up to ten and a half feet.

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Their wings are this really broad shape.

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And they have these
really long feathers here.

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And these feathers are
called primary feathers

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and they help them a lot with flight.

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And when they are flying,
they are all splayed out,

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kind of like fingers.

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So, we have primary flight feathers
and the secondary flight feathers.

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Then, we have the coverts over those.

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All of these feathers help
to shape the bird's wing

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and make it more aerodynamic
and easier for it to move through the air.

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But there are birds
that don't have these primary feathers.

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One of those exceptions is a penguin.

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Penguin wings are more like
flippers than actual wings.

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It flies in the water
instead of in the sky.

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Fun fact!

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Albatross can soar for a really long time.

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They can fly for up to six years
without touching land.

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That is a long time.

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Hi, I'm James Finley.
I'm a biomedical engineer,

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and today we'll
learn about human movement.

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Movement is really
the basis of being alive.

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You move when
you're writing with a pencil,

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you move when you are
at recess and you're running around.

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Even when you're sleeping,
you're still moving, right?

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You're-- You're breathing in and out.

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And all of those things are
controlled by muscles,

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and your brain sends commands

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to tell your muscles
when to contract and when to relax.

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[treadmill powers down]

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When we do motion capture,

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we're just going to put on some markers.

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These markers are really reflective.

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The way that this system works

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is that these cameras can detect
exactly where the marker is in the room.

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And so now if you take
a look at the computer screen,

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you can see an animated skeleton walking.

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How do I look?

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[laughs]

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We're interested in
understanding human movement.

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All of these things are tied together,
movement and energy and sports.

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So, now we can think about
how you even kick a ball.

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We can even measure
those different ways that you kick

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and compare that to someone
who's a professional soccer player.

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Fun fact!

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We need muscles to move

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and our body has over 650 of them.

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That's a lot of muscles.

247
00:13:06,869 --> 00:13:08,789
[upbeat music playing]

248
00:13:10,956 --> 00:13:12,206
Smells good to me.

249
00:13:12,708 --> 00:13:17,418
Hi, I am Anand Ray, an entomologist,
which means I study insects.

250
00:13:17,505 --> 00:13:22,295
I study how insects smell
and what scents they like and dislike.

251
00:13:24,136 --> 00:13:26,886
Welcome to our greenhouse,
where we work with mosquitoes.

252
00:13:26,972 --> 00:13:29,892
We've been studying what odors

253
00:13:29,975 --> 00:13:33,475
from human skin
and breath attract mosquitoes.

254
00:13:33,562 --> 00:13:38,782
In this case, we used an odor
that mimics carbon dioxide.

255
00:13:38,859 --> 00:13:43,409
Carbon dioxide is present
in our exhaled air.

256
00:13:43,489 --> 00:13:46,699
The moment they can smell
the carbon dioxide from our breath,

257
00:13:46,784 --> 00:13:48,164
they get excited.

258
00:13:48,244 --> 00:13:52,504
It's almost like the smell of pizza
for humans when they're hungry.

259
00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:57,960
Some of the scents that we test
end up being ones that mosquitoes hate.

260
00:13:58,045 --> 00:14:00,545
They just do not come close to them.

261
00:14:00,631 --> 00:14:03,301
We have been able to use that knowledge

262
00:14:03,384 --> 00:14:08,394
to create odors that can
repel mosquitoes from our skin.

263
00:14:09,473 --> 00:14:13,893
If I were to stick my arm
into this cage without repellent,

264
00:14:14,645 --> 00:14:19,065
all the mosquitoes in the cage came
and landed on me immediately

265
00:14:19,149 --> 00:14:20,439
within seconds.

266
00:14:20,526 --> 00:14:22,396
They could smell scent from my arm.

267
00:14:22,486 --> 00:14:25,736
They knew that they had
a delicious meal waiting for them.

268
00:14:25,823 --> 00:14:31,333
This time, I will apply
this scent that mosquitoes hate,

269
00:14:31,412 --> 00:14:33,332
and I'll show you what happens.

270
00:14:33,414 --> 00:14:35,794
They are avoiding most of it.

271
00:14:35,875 --> 00:14:38,665
They're still flying around. You see that?

272
00:14:38,752 --> 00:14:41,172
Even if they land,
they take off right away.

273
00:14:42,298 --> 00:14:43,468
Fun fact.

274
00:14:43,549 --> 00:14:47,679
It's the female mosquito
that bites us, not the male.

275
00:14:47,761 --> 00:14:50,431
The females need a little bit of blood

276
00:14:50,514 --> 00:14:51,894
to make healthy eggs.

277
00:14:51,974 --> 00:14:54,234
So, if you find a mosquito biting you,

278
00:14:54,852 --> 00:14:57,102
that is definitely a female.

279
00:15:05,863 --> 00:15:07,533
Hi, my name is Tania Romero,

280
00:15:07,615 --> 00:15:10,405
I'm the biologist here
at the Audubon Center at Debs Park.

281
00:15:10,492 --> 00:15:14,712
And today we are going to
be learning about camouflage.

282
00:15:16,498 --> 00:15:17,578
[laughing]

283
00:15:19,293 --> 00:15:23,633
Camouflage is when animals
are able to hide in plain sight.

284
00:15:23,714 --> 00:15:25,634
Camouflage comes in different forms.

285
00:15:25,716 --> 00:15:29,676
It can come in being
the same color as their environment.

286
00:15:29,762 --> 00:15:31,762
It can come in the way they behave,

287
00:15:31,847 --> 00:15:35,427
or it can even come
through, like, smell or hearing.

288
00:15:35,935 --> 00:15:40,685
So, camouflage allows
our animals to be either better hunters,

289
00:15:40,773 --> 00:15:44,283
or be able to hide
more efficiently from being hunted.

290
00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:46,400
So, if we're looking at a butterfly,

291
00:15:46,487 --> 00:15:51,447
it will have circles on their wings.
That's supposed to mimic a lot of eyes,

292
00:15:51,533 --> 00:15:55,293
so, when a predator is
trying to grab them, it will think twice.

293
00:15:57,289 --> 00:16:00,129
So, we'll see
if we're able to spot anything.

294
00:16:01,794 --> 00:16:03,504
Where can they be?

295
00:16:05,631 --> 00:16:07,971
Nothing today!
We don't even have a bunny today.

296
00:16:09,510 --> 00:16:11,430
So far, nothing.

297
00:16:14,848 --> 00:16:15,718
Nothing.

298
00:16:17,184 --> 00:16:20,194
All right.
We currently have not seen bunnies.

299
00:16:20,270 --> 00:16:23,820
However, I do know they're here
because two weeks ago,

300
00:16:23,899 --> 00:16:26,779
I planted this plant,
and now they have been eaten.

301
00:16:26,860 --> 00:16:30,820
That lets me know that a bunny was here
and had a really nice lunch.

302
00:16:32,074 --> 00:16:33,204
Fun fact!

303
00:16:33,283 --> 00:16:36,253
A burrowing owl will
do camouflage, but through sound.

304
00:16:36,328 --> 00:16:38,998
It will mimic the sound of a rattlesnake

305
00:16:39,081 --> 00:16:41,291
to be able to tell its predators,

306
00:16:41,375 --> 00:16:44,415
"Stay away. I'm a rattlesnake
and I am dangerous."

307
00:16:44,503 --> 00:16:46,383
But really, it's just an owl.

308
00:16:46,964 --> 00:16:48,974
[imitating rattlesnake, laughs]

309
00:16:54,013 --> 00:16:55,853
Hi, I'm Brett Doar.

310
00:16:55,931 --> 00:16:57,181
I'm a contraptionist.

311
00:16:57,683 --> 00:17:01,233
And today we'll talk about
how to build a strong bridge.

312
00:17:02,396 --> 00:17:06,146
I built these two bridges here,
let's see how much weight they can hold.

313
00:17:06,233 --> 00:17:08,653
So, this is the simplest kind of bridge.

314
00:17:08,736 --> 00:17:11,106
There were two high points

315
00:17:11,196 --> 00:17:14,576
and it's just a board
across the top of them.

316
00:17:14,658 --> 00:17:16,368
These kinds of bridges are great,

317
00:17:16,452 --> 00:17:19,622
as long as what you're trying
to hold up is lightweight.

318
00:17:19,705 --> 00:17:22,325
But what happens if
you start adding weight to it,

319
00:17:22,416 --> 00:17:25,706
you start to see that
this isn't a very strong bridge.

320
00:17:25,794 --> 00:17:29,924
So, if you're trying to
really hold a lot of a load,

321
00:17:30,007 --> 00:17:31,927
you need a different kind of bridge.

322
00:17:32,843 --> 00:17:37,103
This is called a suspension bridge.
This is the same material as this.

323
00:17:37,181 --> 00:17:40,231
It's the same height,
it's covering the same span,

324
00:17:40,309 --> 00:17:44,059
but this can hold a lot more weight.
Let's check it out.

325
00:17:45,189 --> 00:17:47,569
You can see how much there's a bend here,

326
00:17:47,649 --> 00:17:49,779
and this is bending almost not at all.

327
00:17:49,860 --> 00:17:53,200
Rather than just supporting it
at these two ends,

328
00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:58,450
it's being supported throughout
the entire span by these cables,

329
00:17:58,535 --> 00:18:01,655
and it's pushing down on these towers,

330
00:18:01,747 --> 00:18:04,997
and then it's being
stabilized by these points here.

331
00:18:05,084 --> 00:18:08,464
If they're not anchored here,
the whole thing collapses.

332
00:18:08,545 --> 00:18:11,215
You have this-- These multiple parts

333
00:18:11,298 --> 00:18:14,378
acting all together
to help support this weight.

334
00:18:16,512 --> 00:18:18,392
Fun fact!

335
00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:24,022
The Golden Gate Bridge has
over 80,000 miles of wire

336
00:18:24,103 --> 00:18:26,363
in its two main cables.

337
00:18:26,438 --> 00:18:30,938
That's enough wire
to wrap around the earth three times.

338
00:18:35,239 --> 00:18:38,199
Hi, I'm Jamal Lewis.
I'm a biomedical engineer.

339
00:18:38,283 --> 00:18:40,543
Today we'll talk about the immune system.

340
00:18:41,745 --> 00:18:45,075
This is where we keep
all our flammable chemicals.

341
00:18:45,666 --> 00:18:46,996
Danger, flammable.

342
00:18:49,253 --> 00:18:52,593
No playing here. You can explode stuff.

343
00:18:52,673 --> 00:18:53,593
[laughing]

344
00:18:54,174 --> 00:18:56,514
This is our culture room,
our tissue culture room.

345
00:18:56,593 --> 00:18:58,393
This is where we grow cells.

346
00:18:59,346 --> 00:19:01,806
So, these cells are really special cells.

347
00:19:01,890 --> 00:19:05,350
They're very important
to your immune system and immunity.

348
00:19:05,435 --> 00:19:09,105
They are cells that can eat germs.

349
00:19:09,189 --> 00:19:13,399
They can eat bacteria and viruses,
and prevent them from infecting you.

350
00:19:13,485 --> 00:19:15,565
We can't see cells with our eyes,

351
00:19:15,654 --> 00:19:18,954
so to take a look at them,
we use this special instrument

352
00:19:19,032 --> 00:19:20,162
called a microscope.

353
00:19:20,659 --> 00:19:22,869
These cells are everywhere in your body.

354
00:19:22,953 --> 00:19:27,833
Your immune system is a system of cells

355
00:19:27,916 --> 00:19:30,786
that act simply to protect you

356
00:19:30,878 --> 00:19:34,968
from really small germs you can't see,

357
00:19:35,674 --> 00:19:39,554
but are potentially very harmful to you.

358
00:19:40,304 --> 00:19:41,474
Fun fact!

359
00:19:41,555 --> 00:19:44,515
So, crying produces tears

360
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:48,980
that have substances in them
that can actually kill germs.

361
00:19:49,062 --> 00:19:52,022
So, next time
your mom tells you to stop crying,

362
00:19:52,107 --> 00:19:54,687
you can tell her,
"I'm killing germs, Mom."

363
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:04,290
Hi, I'm Andrea Armani,
a material scientist,

364
00:20:04,369 --> 00:20:06,329
which means I make new materials.

365
00:20:06,413 --> 00:20:08,963
Today, we'll talk about one that I made.

366
00:20:10,542 --> 00:20:14,212
When you think of materials,
you might think of a jean jacket

367
00:20:14,296 --> 00:20:16,296
or even a cotton shirt,

368
00:20:16,381 --> 00:20:19,261
but really materials can be anything,

369
00:20:19,343 --> 00:20:22,433
all the way to steel on airplanes.

370
00:20:22,512 --> 00:20:24,722
In our lab, we make this material.

371
00:20:24,806 --> 00:20:29,016
It's used in TVs
and cell phones and solar panels.

372
00:20:29,102 --> 00:20:32,362
So, if this is a liquid,
how could you make a TV out of this?

373
00:20:32,439 --> 00:20:36,819
Well, it's just like paint.
It can start off as a liquid and then dry.

374
00:20:36,902 --> 00:20:40,282
Now you actually have
a glowy, fluorescent paint.

375
00:20:41,573 --> 00:20:45,623
This type of material is
a type of quantum dot.

376
00:20:45,702 --> 00:20:48,252
It's made up of four different elements.

377
00:20:48,330 --> 00:20:51,580
A quantum dot is
a tiny particle that can glow.

378
00:20:51,667 --> 00:20:53,747
So, once we have our ingredients,

379
00:20:53,835 --> 00:20:56,165
we put them in this flask,

380
00:20:56,255 --> 00:21:00,175
and we allow it to heat
for about 35, 40 minutes.

381
00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:06,389
This initial solution turns
into a dark red color like this.

382
00:21:07,057 --> 00:21:10,937
So, the red is
the initial reaction happening.

383
00:21:11,019 --> 00:21:13,479
The orange is the final step.

384
00:21:13,563 --> 00:21:16,023
When the lights are off,
these materials glow,

385
00:21:16,108 --> 00:21:17,528
so let's turn the lights off.

386
00:21:18,277 --> 00:21:21,407
So, as you can see,
it glows really bright orange.

387
00:21:21,488 --> 00:21:23,868
This is the final material that we made.

388
00:21:23,949 --> 00:21:28,499
The bright glowy colors
really make TVs shine.

389
00:21:29,121 --> 00:21:30,331
Fun fact!

390
00:21:30,414 --> 00:21:33,884
An example of the material being
used in different ways is Velcro.

391
00:21:33,959 --> 00:21:36,209
It was originally used by astronauts

392
00:21:36,295 --> 00:21:39,165
to keep their stuff
from flying around in space,

393
00:21:39,256 --> 00:21:41,626
but now it's used everywhere…

394
00:21:41,717 --> 00:21:43,637
On shoes and in cars.

395
00:21:49,308 --> 00:21:51,938
Hi, I'm Terry McGlynn,
Professor of Biology.

396
00:21:52,019 --> 00:21:53,979
We'll talk about ants,
how strong they are.

397
00:21:55,314 --> 00:21:57,694
It wasn't until I was becoming a scientist

398
00:21:57,774 --> 00:22:00,494
that I realized,
"Oh, ants are super cool."

399
00:22:00,569 --> 00:22:02,649
There's all these
amazing behaviors they do.

400
00:22:02,738 --> 00:22:06,028
These ants can pick up rocks
ten times their weight.

401
00:22:06,116 --> 00:22:08,116
Usually, the way the ants carry things,

402
00:22:08,201 --> 00:22:11,411
their mouths have
these jaws that we call mandibles,

403
00:22:11,496 --> 00:22:13,786
and the mandibles have
big muscles in them.

404
00:22:13,874 --> 00:22:17,594
If you look at an ant,
it has a big, rounded head capsule.

405
00:22:17,669 --> 00:22:20,629
The muscles for those mandibles
are in their head.

406
00:22:20,714 --> 00:22:22,264
So, just like us,

407
00:22:22,341 --> 00:22:25,761
the power behind our jaws
is actually in our head too.

408
00:22:25,844 --> 00:22:28,264
If you put your hand
right here on your temple

409
00:22:28,347 --> 00:22:32,427
and you move your jaw up and down,
you can feel your muscle here moving.

410
00:22:32,934 --> 00:22:36,564
The muscle for your jaw connects
to the top of your head.

411
00:22:37,314 --> 00:22:39,234
Ants are the same with their mandibles.

412
00:22:39,316 --> 00:22:44,316
It's like if you were to pick up a couch,
but actually be holding it in your mouth.

413
00:22:44,863 --> 00:22:45,783
That's what ants do.

414
00:22:47,741 --> 00:22:49,661
When you see ants carrying things,

415
00:22:49,743 --> 00:22:52,413
usually when they bring
things into their nest,

416
00:22:52,496 --> 00:22:54,996
it's food or water that they will need.

417
00:22:55,082 --> 00:22:58,792
When they carry things out of their nest,
it's because they're cleaning,

418
00:22:58,877 --> 00:23:01,377
so they're carrying out dirt or rocks.

419
00:23:01,463 --> 00:23:04,423
Some ants are pranksters
where they'll take pebbles

420
00:23:04,508 --> 00:23:07,258
and block the nest for other ants.

421
00:23:07,344 --> 00:23:08,764
So, they wake up in the morning

422
00:23:08,845 --> 00:23:11,765
and it's like, "Oh, no.
I have to clear that out again."

423
00:23:12,432 --> 00:23:13,312
Fun fact!

424
00:23:13,392 --> 00:23:15,772
All adult ants are the same size.

425
00:23:15,852 --> 00:23:18,442
You don't grow
once you hatch into an adult.

426
00:23:18,522 --> 00:23:20,612
The babies are larvae.

427
00:23:20,690 --> 00:23:23,690
They're just grub-like things.
They don't have legs.

428
00:23:23,777 --> 00:23:28,367
And then they hatch into an adult.
An adult looks just like this.

429
00:23:32,327 --> 00:23:34,787
[mysterious music playing]

430
00:23:38,125 --> 00:23:39,495
-[music stops]
-Oh1

431
00:23:39,584 --> 00:23:40,924
Sorry, it's just me.

432
00:23:41,420 --> 00:23:45,760
Hi, I'm Nawa Sugiyama,
and I am a zooarchaeologist.

433
00:23:45,841 --> 00:23:48,721
Which means I study animals from the past.

434
00:23:48,802 --> 00:23:53,392
Today we're going to take a look
at some of these animal bones. Let's go.

435
00:23:54,683 --> 00:23:56,273
So, as a zooarchaeologist,

436
00:23:56,351 --> 00:23:59,901
what we do is really try
to reconstruct a puzzle.

437
00:23:59,980 --> 00:24:04,940
We go from really tiny fragments
to try to understand what animal it is,

438
00:24:05,026 --> 00:24:06,186
how it lived,

439
00:24:06,278 --> 00:24:08,448
why it interacted with humans,

440
00:24:08,530 --> 00:24:12,490
and then we slowly try
to build up the complete picture

441
00:24:12,576 --> 00:24:15,446
of what life was like in the past.

442
00:24:16,621 --> 00:24:19,461
Another thing we look at is their teeth,

443
00:24:20,083 --> 00:24:24,503
because our teeth tell us a little bit
about what type of diet it has.

444
00:24:24,588 --> 00:24:27,128
Herbivores eat grasses,

445
00:24:27,215 --> 00:24:32,675
and the teeth necessary to shear
all that grass and leafy stuff together,

446
00:24:32,762 --> 00:24:36,772
they're sharp, thin,
and a lot of nooks and crannies.

447
00:24:36,850 --> 00:24:39,350
A carnivore eats meat primarily,

448
00:24:39,436 --> 00:24:45,316
so what they need are these big, sharp,
knife-looking teeth to slice the meat.

449
00:24:46,610 --> 00:24:48,030
Fun fact!

450
00:24:49,112 --> 00:24:53,162
Sometimes when we're digging up
complete individuals, like this one,

451
00:24:53,241 --> 00:24:57,081
we find the bones
of another animal in its stomach content.

452
00:24:57,162 --> 00:25:00,922
Which means we could
figure out what it ate on its last meal.

453
00:25:00,999 --> 00:25:02,379
[burps]

454
00:25:06,838 --> 00:25:08,798
Hello, my name is Barbara Bar.

455
00:25:08,882 --> 00:25:12,392
I'm an entomologist,
and I'm specialized in honeybee research,

456
00:25:12,469 --> 00:25:16,099
because honeybees are
important for our food production.

457
00:25:16,181 --> 00:25:19,811
If you want to do research
on honeybees, better put on a bee suit.

458
00:25:25,065 --> 00:25:28,235
Bees have a smell language.
They speak in smells.

459
00:25:28,318 --> 00:25:32,448
They have one smell
that is called the alarm pheromone,

460
00:25:32,531 --> 00:25:36,491
and that tells all the other bees,
"An enemy's coming, go sting it."

461
00:25:36,576 --> 00:25:39,956
To avoid that, we use a smoker
when we work on honeybees.

462
00:25:40,038 --> 00:25:43,998
The smoke covers up the alarm pheromone
if they send some out.

463
00:25:44,709 --> 00:25:46,999
This is a beehive where the bees live,

464
00:25:47,087 --> 00:25:50,297
and this is where they come
in and out of the box.

465
00:25:52,217 --> 00:25:53,757
So here we have the youngest bees.

466
00:25:53,843 --> 00:25:56,563
As soon as they hatch,
they look after the queen,

467
00:25:56,638 --> 00:25:58,098
and when they get older,

468
00:25:58,181 --> 00:26:00,731
they start guarding
the entrance of the hive.

469
00:26:00,809 --> 00:26:03,309
When they get better at flying,
they fly out

470
00:26:03,395 --> 00:26:06,055
and they start
collecting pollen and nectar.

471
00:26:07,315 --> 00:26:11,315
So, flowers produce
a sweet juice that is called nectar.

472
00:26:11,403 --> 00:26:13,533
The bees like it. It's sugary.

473
00:26:14,072 --> 00:26:16,162
But when the bees collect the nectar,

474
00:26:16,241 --> 00:26:20,041
they also collect pollen
and fly from flower to flower.

475
00:26:20,120 --> 00:26:21,620
That is called pollination.

476
00:26:21,705 --> 00:26:25,205
Bees pollinate
every third spoon of food we eat.

477
00:26:25,292 --> 00:26:31,762
Without bees, we would not
have apples, pears, and lots of berries.

478
00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:33,090
Food'd be less healthy.

479
00:26:33,174 --> 00:26:36,014
That's why it's
important to save the bees.

480
00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:38,180
Fun fact!

481
00:26:38,263 --> 00:26:40,103
Bees taste with their feet.

482
00:26:40,181 --> 00:26:44,441
So, they can walk over the food
and decide whether it's good enough

483
00:26:44,519 --> 00:26:46,399
for them to eat with their tongue.

484
00:26:49,858 --> 00:26:51,858
[upbeat music playing]

485
00:26:53,653 --> 00:26:57,323
Hey, everybody. I'm Kanten Russell,
professional skateboarder,

486
00:26:57,407 --> 00:26:59,657
and today we're talking
about muscle memory.

487
00:27:02,495 --> 00:27:05,865
One thing to consider about
developing muscle memory

488
00:27:05,957 --> 00:27:08,497
is that you can't rush the steps.

489
00:27:08,585 --> 00:27:13,465
Your brain might tell you,
you can jump over and down some stairs,

490
00:27:13,548 --> 00:27:16,048
but your muscles haven't
developed a memory

491
00:27:16,134 --> 00:27:20,264
of knowing how to do that trick
and balance and land properly.

492
00:27:21,389 --> 00:27:23,429
When you learn how to skateboard,

493
00:27:23,516 --> 00:27:28,436
the muscles you're using are your thighs
and your calves to steady your balance

494
00:27:28,521 --> 00:27:31,321
and feel kind of
a center sense of gravity.

495
00:27:31,399 --> 00:27:33,399
Once you learn the basics of balance

496
00:27:33,485 --> 00:27:36,395
and then eventually shifting
and conditioning your muscles

497
00:27:36,488 --> 00:27:37,658
to have that memory,

498
00:27:37,739 --> 00:27:40,989
those basic essentials are
the building blocks to learning

499
00:27:41,076 --> 00:27:43,116
how to do the more complicated tricks.

500
00:27:45,997 --> 00:27:48,917
By doing it over and over again
and having that repetition,

501
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:51,170
then your muscles will
remember how to do it

502
00:27:51,252 --> 00:27:53,672
and it will get easier as you go.

503
00:27:59,260 --> 00:28:00,640
Fun fact!

504
00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:04,350
In skateboarding, you will
have one dominant stance

505
00:28:04,432 --> 00:28:07,022
with your left foot or right foot forward.

506
00:28:07,102 --> 00:28:08,602
Eventually in skateboarding,

507
00:28:08,687 --> 00:28:11,857
you'll develop the skills
to be able to do either one,

508
00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:14,530
left foot or right foot, equally.

509
00:28:14,609 --> 00:28:16,359
Left foot forward.

510
00:28:18,029 --> 00:28:19,569
Right foot forward.

511
00:28:20,115 --> 00:28:21,365
Both feel good.

512
00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:23,450
That was amazing!

513
00:28:23,535 --> 00:28:25,035
Science is the best!

514
00:28:27,288 --> 00:28:29,288
[instrumental theme song playing]

515
00:28:29,338 --> 00:28:33,888
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